Most important one is probably words that means of course. In Turkish there is a very interesting word “elbet” usually used as "elbet+te". Like in the destiny. “Of course” is actually pretty much the exactly same. But why would “elbet” mean the destiny. It is considered to be an Arabic loanword but "el" is common semitic element. Like definite article. “Bet” is the name of second Hebrew letter. And original paleo/Phoenician version (𐤁) resembles modern P letter. In Arabic corresponding letter named “Be”. This letter is actually can be called Pi letter. It is the last letter of “kitap” which is the word for book. “Gayb”: unseen like future. Although there is a classification issue. It is only when the last letter or isolated. That is really interesting because this letter really seems like corresponds to Turkish “-ıp” suffix. Although even if this is the actual case the usage in Turkish is not necessarily accurate. As probably artificial artifact there is a Turkish word “ip” means thread. Which the Arabic letter resembles. Yes the Arabic letter resembles thread in original Kufic form. (I will later add an image) Such placements seems like very common in Turkish. For this letter it seems like the letter was designed to resemble thread. At least in some instances.
There is another equivalent expression in Turkish “Tabii ki”. “Tabii” considered to be Arabic loanword means natural or innate. Similar constructs found in European languages.
I asked ChatGPT for words that means "of course” in other languages.
French: Bien sûr. (Sound interesting.) Spanish: Claro / Por supuesto. German: Natürlich. Italian: Certo. Portuguese: Claro. Dutch: Natuurlijk. Swedish: Självklart. Hungarian: Persze — (per-seh) (This one is interesting). Hebrew word starts with the pre mentioned Bet letter. Greek: Φυσικά (Fysiká). (The first letter look somewhat relevant. F/Ph sound is not necessarily distinct from P.)
The frequent Be prefix. Like in English “Because” is very common pattern. Actually in Quran it interpreted to mean with. Somewhat similar to Turkish -ıp suffix. Meanings like with and usage in Turkish probably relates to something like context. It is something like a reference to both past and future, it has somewhat confusing usage in Turkish. The meaning of "with" probably comes from conditionality of usage for future. “if” is a word used similarly used in conditional statements. “Bir” means one in Turkish. “Bi” actually used frequently in Turkish. Example “Bi gel buraya.” Means “Come here (first)”. It doesn't necessarily means come here first but it means there is something needed to be done that requires someone to be there. This is actually very common usage.
The Arabic Quranic word Gayb is interesting especially because of its similarity to Turkish word “kay+ıp” which means lost. “Kay” means to slide and to float. Decimal parts of Pi often considered interesting and in the center of attention in case of there is something like destiny encoded in the nature. Such calculations referred as floating point arithmetic.
Turkish word “Kay+mak” is also a name for thick milk cream that collects and floats on milk. Like product of floating. The verb for floating is “Yüz(+mek)” in Turkish. It also has meanings of surface, skin and to skin from same context. And also means hundred. Peganum Harmala named “Üz+er+lik” but in some dialects it is equival to “Yüz+er+lik". (Y drop from beginning is considered common phenomena in Turkic languages. But probably for this vowel.)
Another interesting situation is that “Bat-” is verb for sinking in Turkish (Also stinging over sinking to a surface.). Usually used in bad manner. Which is funny over similarity with “Bad”. There is a Turkish word “beter” which has kinda opposite meaning of English word “better”. Common cursing expression in Turkish are “Beter olsun.” or “Adı batasıca.”. There is probably very complicated and interesting situation with these. (English Bath is probably not a coincidence. It is hard to claim these look very natural. Likely originates from first century Roman Emperors. Likely with decent effort even in possibly recent centuries. Not Turkish verb but talking about words like bad/bath, maybe bater/butter..)